Damaged mortar or brick can become saturated with moisture from your home's exterior or interior. During cold seasons, this water can freeze and expand, causing cracks in the brick. Over many winters, this process can cause the brick face to fall off. Brick that has begun to crumble in this way is referred to as "spalled." Unfortunately, spalled brick is impossible to repair without replacing. Once a brick has begun to fall apart it cannot be put back together.

Installing stone veneer

Installing stone veneer is a relatively straightforward and simple process. The key to stone installation of proper surface preparation. Begin by securing moisture barrier to whatever surface you are going to apply the stone on. After securing the moisture barrier layer laugh or expanded metal is then secured to the structure. This metal can be set into place using galvanized roofing nails or if you're going over masonry tap cons or a ram set may be necessary. What's your expanded metal is firmly in place you then begin applying a scratch coat. What's the scratch coat is properly set up then stone veneer is applied stone veneer comes in a variety of shapes sizes and colors.

Michigan Bricklayers (248) 895-7752

Metro Detroit Michigan Masonry Contractor Has Tips on Brick Repair and Brickwork for the Do-it-Yourself Homeowner

When hiring a Michigan masonry contractor is cost prohibitive, homeowners often attempt to do their own repairs. Using these techniques can help produce a quality masonry repair

 

Michigan Masonry Contractors

 

Brick Repair llc

 

Michigan Brick Company



Michigan Bricklayer

(EMAILWIRE.COM, January 14, 2012 ) Detroit MI – Brick chimney repair can be dangerous work. Hiring a masonry contractor can be cost prohibitive for some Michigan homeowners. Mark Maupin, Michigan masonry contractor and president of Brick Repair, LLC provides tips for homeowners who attempt to do it themselves.

The first step to any brick repair job is accessing the damaged area. Brick work on the ground that is easily accessible can often times be tuck pointed without a great deal of difficulty. Tuck-pointing is the replacement of damaged mortar joints. A complete step by step video breakdown of tuck-pointing can be seen at http://michiganchimneyrepair.com/Howto.aspx.

Chimneys can be a completely different matter all together. "If your chimney is very tall and difficult to access safely, then I recommend hiring a chimney repair specialist," said Maupin. "Most reputable chimney repair and masonry contractors will evaluate the extent of repairs to be done and provide a free estimate." The first thing to fail on a chimney is usually the chimney crown. The chimney crown is the concrete on the top of the chimney.

If your chimney is accessible and the chimney crown is cracked this can often times be a simple enough chimney repair to perform for an experienced do-it-yourselfer. The chimney crown is the top concrete part of the chimney. Any chimney crown repair begins with the removal of the damaged crown. Most Chimney repair specialist will chip away the concrete with a rotary hammer or pneumatic chisel. As a DIY homeowner an older and more manual method may be necessary to remove the chimney crown. For this I would recommend a chisel, 5 lb sledge hammer, & brick hammer. Of course the tools necessary for chimney repair and chimney crown replacement are dependent on the size and thickness of the crown.
Once you have removed the chimney crown inspect the flue on the chimney. The chimney flue liner is the ceramic insert that runs up the center of the chimney. If the flue is cracked it may be time to call in a chimney repair professional. Provided the chimney flu is in sound condition you can begin replacing the chimney crown. The next step in the chimney repair process is the clean and loose debris and dust of the top of the chimney. Use a stiff bristle brush to clean off any particles.
The next step in the chimney repair process is to mix up some concrete. In most cases I recommend that the DIY homeowner use a redi-mix concrete. When I do a chimney repair I prefer using fiber reinforced, crack resistant concrete. I have found that the thicker/stiffer the concrete is mixed the less likely it is to run down the side of the chimney. This will make for a cleaner chimney repair. When working in a warmer climate where temperatures are exceeding 80 you will want to mix your concrete more thin/loose/wet.
Make sure to slope your concrete away from the ceramic flue liner to allow for proper water drainage. I find that when you make your chimney crown thicker it makes for a longer lasting chimney repair. On most chimney crown repairs pour the concrete 4-7 inches thick at the flue and slope it down to a 2 inch edge. Achieving a smooth finish on your concrete can take years of practice to master but with some patience most DIY homeowners can handle this repair.


There are several things that can cause problems with chimneys including chimney leaks, creosote build-up that creates a chimney fire hazard, and a cracked chimney crown to name a few. Mark Maupin currently specializes in chimney repair. Read his latest blog post for DIY Chimney repair tips at http://chimneyrepairmichigan.blogspot.com/2010/05/chimne ...

When asked why he tells people how to do what he gets paid to do, Mark said, "I would rather see the job done right than have to come in and repair a botched chimney repair job later. It's easier to fix it right the first time. If the repair is easy enough for the homeowner to do it themselves, then I can spend my time where I'm most needed."

Mark Maupin believes he is doing a great service by providing tips for the DIY homeowner. "It displays honesty and integrity when I'm not hiding behind my knowledge and experience. There will always be someone who needs to hire a professional. As far as I'm concerned, no job is too small, but like most contractors, I prefer to do the bigger jobs. This way, I'm not spending time commuting between jobs."

Mark Maupin of Brick Repair, LLC provides exemplary masonry restoration to damaged buildings, maintaining cosmetic and structural integrity while beautifying the community through expert handiwork. He provides a satisfying customer experience from demolition and rebuilding to debris removal and clean-up. Mark will provide special care for historical buildings in need of restoration to help communities remain structurally sound and pleasing to the eye. Visit http://michiganchimneyrepair.com to learn more.

Brick Repair llc can provide a bricklayer for you in the following communities
Oakland County Michigan, Farmington, Farmington Hills Livonia, Novi , Bloomfield Hills And West Bloomfield
About Brick Repair, LLC they strive to provide exemplary chimney cleaning, sweeping masonry restoration to damaged buildings, maintaining cosmetic and structural integrity while beautifying the community through expert handiwork.they strive to provide a satisfying customer experience from demolition through debris removal. Brick Repair llc provides special care for historical buildings in need of restoration to help communities remain structurally sound and pleasing to the eye


Contact us:
Mark Maupin
Brick Repair, LLC.
(248) 895-7752
Brickrepairllc@gmail.com

Contact Information:
Brick Repair LLC
Mark
Tel: 248 895-7752
--
Mark Allen Maupin "Mr. Brick Repair" (248) 895-7752   WOW Have you ever laid brick in the winter what a miserable job that is.....Glad this winter I get to play the internet game

Check out the Website at nBrick Repair llc
 http://www.MichiganChimneyRepair.com
Http://Oaklandcountychimtp:/neyrepair.com
Http://Chimneyrepairmichigan.com

Brick Repair (248) 895 7752

With any chimney repair or masonry restoration project comes debris. Small chunks of mortar, pieces of concrete, and chunks of brick from the demolition of the brickwork can add up fast. And lets face it, its not like your local garbageman or trash removal service is going to grab a garbage can that weighs 500 lbs and carry it away. That is why whenever you plan on doing any kind of demolition project, chimney repair, or brickwork you need to know what to do with your debris and trash.

One option is to remove the brick debris, concrete, and mortar yourself. This involves filling up a trailer or truck and hauling out the brick, concrete, and mortar. You can then haul this material to the dump, but the dump charges by weight. A much more practical method of removing the debris, is to find a local concrete recycling company. Most concrete recycling companies will take any concrete and mortar you have and dispose of it. A select few concrete recycling companies, commonly referred to as the concrete crusher, will take your brick debris also. Concrete, brick, and mortar are ground up to a gravel sized consistency. This aggregate is then recycled into new concrete. The problem with using concrete crushers and recyclers is unless you have a dump truck or dump trailer, you must handle your material and debris not only when you haul it off of the job, but when you dump it. By far the most cost-effective way to go on any large scale demolition project is to rent a dumpster. Whenever you rent the dumpster be sure to specify what you plan on disposing of inside of it.

At Brick Repair LLC we are committed to the local Michigan environment. We use concrete recycling companies whenever possible. For more information about masonry and masonry repair, our free how-to repair brick videos, please visit us http://www.chimneyrepairmichigan.com/ Brick repair llc's chimney repair service provides chimney cleaning for south east Residents of Rochester hills vist http://www.chimneyrepairrochesterhills.com/

For information about Michigan chimney sweeps chimney cleaning chimney repair

check out our masonry repair videos HTTP://www.michiganchimneyrepair.org/

Chimney repair in and Oakland county and surrounding cities http://www.chimneyrepairoaklandcounty.com/

Wikipedia Information About Brick

Fireplace mantel

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Chimneypiece and overmantel, about 1750 V&A Museum no. 738:1 to 3-1897

Fireplace mantel or mantelpiece, also known as a chimneypiece, originated in medieval times as a hood that projected over a grate to catch the smoke. The term has evolved to include the decorative framework around the fireplace, and can include elaborate designs extending to the ceiling. Mantelpiece is now the general term for the jambs, mantel shelf, and external accessories of a fireplace. For many centuries, the chimneypiece was the most ornamental and most artistic feature of a room, but as fireplaces have become smaller, and modern methods of heating have been introduced, its artistic as well as its practical significance has lessened.

Contents [hide] 1 Fireplace mantels 2 History of fireplace mantels 3 Fireplace mantels today 4 See also 5 References

[edit] Fireplace mantels

In the early Renaissance style, the chimneypiece of the Palais de Justice at Bruges is a magnificent example; the upper portion, carved in oak, extends the whole width of the room, with nearly life-size statues of Charles V. and others of the royal family of Spain. The most prolific modern designer of chimneypieces was G. B. Piranesi, who in 1765 published a large series, on which at a later date the Empire style in France was based. In France, the finest work of the early Renaissance period is to be found in the chimneypieces, which are of infinite variety of design.

The English chimneypieces of the early seventeenth century, when the purer Italian style was introduced by Inigo Jones, were extremely simple in design, sometimes consisting only of the ordinary mantel piece, with classic architraves and shelf, the upper part of the chimney breast being paneled like the rest of the room. In the latter part of the century the classic architrave was abandoned in favor of a much bolder and more effective molding, as in the chimneypieces at Hampton Court, and the shelf was omitted.

In the eighteenth century, the architects returned to the Inigo Jones classic type, but influenced by the French work of Louis XIV. and XV. Figure sculpture, generally represented by graceful figures on each side, which assisted to carry the shelf, was introduced, and the over-mantel developed into an elaborate frame for the family portrait over the chimneypiece. Towards the close of the eighteenth century the designs of the Adam Brothers superseded all others, and a century later they came again into fashion. The Adam mantels are in wood enriched with ornament, cast in molds, sometimes copied from the carved wood decoration of old times.

Modern wooden fireplace mantel in a suburban American home.

Mantels or fireplace mantels can be the focus of custom interior decoration. A mantel traditionally offers a unique opportunity for the architect/designer to create a personal statement unique to the room they are creating. Historically the mantel defines the architectural style of the interior decor, whether it be traditional i.e. Classic, Renaissance, Italian, French, American, Victorian, Gothic etc.

The choice of material for the mantel includes such rich materials as marble, limestone, granite, or fine woods. Certainly the most luxurious of materials is marble. In the past only the finest of rare colored and white marbles were used. Today many of those fine materials are no longer available, however many other beautiful materials can be found world wide. The defining element of a great mantel is the design and workmanship.

A mantel offers a unique opportunity in its design for a sculptor/artisan to demonstrate their skill in carving each of the fine decorative elements. Elements such as capitals, moldings, brackets, figures, animals, fruits and vegetation are commonly used to decorate a mantel. One might say that a mantel can be an encyclopedia of sculpture. More than the material, it is the quality of the carving that defines the quality of the mantel piece thus highlighting the magnificence of the room.

In 1834 Gideon Algernon Mantell (1790 - 1852), was given a sandstone block containing Iguanodon bones. This was nicknamed the 'Mantell-Piece'.

[edit] History of fireplace mantels

Up to the twelfth century, fires were simply made in the middle of a home by a hypocaust, or with braziers, or by fires on the hearth with smoke vented out the lantern in the roof. As time went on, the placement of fireplaces moved to the wall, incorporating chimneys to vent the smoke. This permitted the design of a very elaborate, rich, architectural focal point for a grand room.

The earliest known chimneypiece is in the Kings House at Southampton, with Norman shafts in the joints carrying a segmental arch, which is attributed to the first half of the twelfth century. At a later date, in consequence of the greater width of the fireplace, flat or segmental arches were thrown across and constructed with archivolt, sometimes joggled, with the thrust of the arch being resisted by bars of iron at the back.

In domestic work of the fourteenth century, the chimneypiece was greatly increased in order to allow of the members of the family sitting on either side of the fire on the hearth, and in these cases great beams of timber were employed to carry the hood; in such cases the fireplace was so deeply recessed as to become externally an important architectural feature, as at Haddon Hall. The largest chimneypiece existing is in the great hall of the Palais des Comtes at Poitiers, which is nearly 30 feet (9.1 m) wide, having two intermediate supports to carry the hood; the stone flues are carried up between the tracery of an immense window above.

The history of carved mantels is a fundamental element in the history of western art. Every element of European sculpture can be seen on great mantels. Many of the historically noted sculptors of the past i.e. Augustus St. Gaudens designed and carved magnificent mantels, some of which can be found on display in the worlds great museums. Exactly as the facade of a building is distinguished by its design, proportion, and detail so it is with fine mantels. The attention to carved detail is what defines a great mantel.

[edit] Fireplace mantels today

Up until the 20th century and the invention of mechanized contained heating systems, rooms were heated by an open or central fire. A modern fireplace usually serves as an element to enhance the grandeur of an interior space rather than as a heat source. Today, fireplaces of varying quality, materials and style are available worldwide. The fireplace mantels of today often incorporate the architecture of two or more periods or cultures.

Bricklayer

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For the 1976 Mexican film, see The Bricklayers.

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)

Bricklayer in Paoua, Central African Republic

A bricklayer or mason is a craftsman who lays bricks to construct brickwork. The term also refers to personnel who use blocks to construct blockwork walls and other forms of masonry.[1] In British and Australian English, a bricklayer is colloquially known as a "brickie".

The training of a trade in European cultures has been a formal tradition for many centuries. A craftsman typically begins in an apprenticeship, working for and learning from a master craftsman, and after a number of years is released from his master's service to become a journeyman. After a journeyman has proven himself to his trade's guild (most guilds are now known by different names), he may settle down as a master craftsman and work for himself, eventually taking on his own apprentices.

A notable person who laid bricks (as a hobby) was Sir Winston Churchill.

Contents [hide] 1 Bricklayers in the UK 2 Bricklayers in Germany 2.1 Career 3 Bricklayers in Fiction 3.1 Bricklayers in German poetry 4 See also 5 External links 5.1 Zunft-Clothing of the german bricklayers 6 Notes

[edit] Bricklayers in the UK

The modern process can be different. A craftsman still begins as an apprentice, but the apprenticeship is carried out partly through working for a qualified craftsman and partly through an accredited technical college delivering level one, two and three brickwork qualifications to learners (in the UK). These come in a variety of forms; City and Guilds, Foundation, Intermediate and Advanced Construction Awards and site-based NVQ Levels one to three. After about two years college, the learner/worker is ready for site as an improver having attained level two, and works under guidance until he or she is well-rounded in the craft. From start to finish it takes at least four years, and even then there is still more to be learned; modern construction methods are always developing, and a typical brickie will be expected to turn his or her hand to allied trades. Fully qualified doesn't mean expert, which is why employment ads often state 'must have ten years experience in the trade' - a longer learning curve than a junior doctor.

[edit] Bricklayers in Germany

The German word for a bricklayer is Maurer. In Germany bricklaying is one of the most traditional trades.

[edit] Career

The aspirant bricklayers start their careers as apprentices (Lehrlinge) and learn from a master craftsmen (Meister) the skills necessary for the trade. They also attend a vocational school (Berufsschule) to gain theoretical knowledge.

After three years of training they graduate by successfully completing an exam held by the guild (Innung). The apprentices must show that they are able to construct masonry, know how to protect a house from humidity or water ingress, know about thermal insulation, know about the science of construction material and about occupational health and safety. If the apprentices are successful they are awarded with the journeymans's certificate (Gesellenbrief) and are now allowed to call themselves journeyman (Geselle).

After graduation the journeymen may choose to go on a three years and one day journey known as the "journey years" (Wanderjahre, Walz, Stör, Tippelei). For this purpose he may join an association for journeymen (Schacht). The most important journeymen associations are as follows:

1. The righteous journeymen (Rechtschaffene Fremde)

The members of this association wear traditionally black (aka the blacks) to express their decency (Ehrbarkeit). The association is more than 200 years old. The members have a secret ceremonial which they are not allowed to describe, but people say that its content and language are of great beauty. This association is very near to the Unions and many of its members are members of the unions as well.

2. The free journeymen (Fremder Freiheitsschacht)

This association was founded on Mayday of 1910 by the famous bricklayer Hermann Schäfer. They wear red and are called the reds. Their maxim is "we all are brothers, we all are the same" ("Wir alle seins Brüder, wir alle seins gleich" dialect). They call each other "Dear Brother" (Bruderherz).

3. Association of Roland (Rolandschacht)

They wear blue and are called the blue ones. Their maxim is "loyalty and friendship and brotherhood will unite us brothers of Roland all the time" ("Treue, Freundschaft, Brüderlichkeit, vereint uns Rolandsbrüder alle Zeit" )

After their journey years the craftsmen are allowed to settle down ( to become a local/citizen (Einheimischer)), but the will only be allowed to do so, if they behaved respectably on their journey.

A person who has had many years of experience in their trade will be allowed to become a master. They will have an exam again. In this exam they will show that they are an expert of the trade. They also must show that the can work well with other people and have some teaching skills, because as a master he will be allowed to educate younger bricklayers.

If he did well in the exam he will be rewarded with the master craftmen's diploma (Meisterbrief) by the chamber of crafts.

As a master he will be allowed to start his own construction company.

Brickwork

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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009)

Dismantled wall showing brickwork

Decorative Tudor brick chimneys, Hampton Court Palace UK

Herringbone patern brickwork, medieval Canterbury UK

12th century temple brickwork, Ayuthaya Thailand

Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar to build up brick structures such as walls. Brickwork is also used to finish corners, door and window openings etc. in buildings made of other materials.

Where the bricks are to remain fully visible, as opposed to being covered up by plaster or stucco, this is known as face-work or facing brickwork.

Contents [hide] 1 Brick dimensions 2 Wall thickness and construction 2.1 Solid brickwork 2.2 Cavity walls 2.3 Brick facing 3 Terminology 4 British Bricklaying Terms 5 Brickwork bonds 5.1 Flemish bond 5.2 Stretcher bond 5.3 English bond 5.4 American bond 5.5 Garden wall bonds 5.6 Rat-trap bond 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Brick dimensions

A wall built in Flemish bond

Brick sizes are generally coordinated so that two rows of bricks laid alongside, with a mortar joint between them, are the same width as the length of a single brick laid across the two rows. That allows headers, bricks laid at 90 degrees to the direction of the wall, to be built in and tie together two or more layers, or wythes, of brick. The thickness of a brick wall is measured by the length of a brick, so a wall one brick thick will contain two layers of brick, one and a half bricks is three layers etc. A common metric coordinating size is 215 millimetres (8.5 in) x 102.5 millimetres (4.04 in) x 65 millimetres (2.6 in), which is intended to work with a 10 millimetres (0.39 in) mortar joint: 75 millimetres (3.0 in) course height, 215 millimetres (8.5 in) wall thickness etc. This is based on the earlier inch sizes. There are many different standard brick sizes worldwide, most with some coordinating principle.

[edit] Wall thickness and construction

[edit] Solid brickwork

The simplest type of wall is constructed in solid brickwork, normally at least one brick thick. Bricks are laid in rows known as courses, the arrangement of headers and stretchers in each course gives rise to different patterns or bonds.

[edit] Cavity walls

In a cavity wall, two layers (or leaves) of brickwork are tied together with metal ties, with a cavity or 2 to 4 inches that may be filled with insulation.

[edit] Brick facing

A non-structural outer facing of brick is tied back to an internal structure: a layer of blockwork, timber or metal studwork etc.

[edit] Terminology

Positions

• Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of the brick exposed on the outer face of a wall.

• Header: a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed.

• Soldier: a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side exposed.

• Sailor: a brick laid vertically with the broad side exposed.

• Rowlock: a brick laid on the long, narrow side with the small or "header" side exposed.

• Shiner: a brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad side exposed [1] [2]

Six positions

Brick Types. There are two main types of clay bricks: pressed and wire cut. Pressed bricks usually have a deep frog in one bedding surface and a shallow frog in the other. Wire cut bricks usually have 3 or 4 holes through them constituting up to 25% of the total volume of the brick. Some ‘perforated’ bricks have many smaller holes.

Brick Usage. There are three main categories of use, and both pressed bricks or wire cut brick types are used in all three categories.

Facing brickwork is the visible decorative work.

Engineering brickwork, often seen in bridges and large industrial construction but may also be hidden in ground works where maximum durability is required e.g. manhole construction.

Common brickwork is not usually seen and is used where engineering qualities are not required; below ground in domestic buildings and internal walls for instance.

Frog up/down. A frog is a recessed part of a surface of a brick. Pressed bricks are laid ‘frog up’ when maximum strength is required especially in engineering work. This method also increases the mass of a wall and decreases sound transmittance. Pressed bricks may be laid frog down; this method is favoured by the bricklayer since less mortar is required for bedding. There may also be a marginal increase in thermal insulation due to the entrapped air pockets. A disadvantage of this method is that with bricks having a very deep ‘V’ shaped frog there may be some difficulty in making reliable fixings to the wall when the fixing hits an air pocket.

Wire cut bricks may be laid either way up but some types of wire cuts have a textured (combed) face creating folds in the face of the brick which is directional. It is advisable to lay these bricks with the folds hanging downwards to maximise the weathering characteristics of the brick.

Ties or cavity ties are used to tie layers of brickwork into one another, to form a structural whole. A common type is a figure-eight of twisted wire, generally stainless steel to avoid failure due to corrosion. The loop at either end is buried in the mortar bed as the wall is built up.

Mortar is a mixture of sand, lime and Portland cement, mixed with water to a workable consistency. It is applied with a bricklayer's trowel, and sets solid in a few hours. There are many different mixes and admixtures used to make mortars with different performance characteristics.

[edit] British Bricklaying Terms

Bat - a cut brick. A quarter bat is one quarter the length of a stretcher. A half bat is one half.[3]
Closer - a cut brick used to change the bond at quoins. Commonly a quarter bat.
Queens closer - a brick which has been cut over its length and is a stretcher long and a quarter bat deep. Commonly used to bond one brick walls at right angled quoins.
Kings closer - a brick which has been cut diagonally over its length to show a half bat at one end and nothing at the other.
Snapped Header - a half bat laid to appear as a header. Commonly used to build short radii half brick walls or decorative features.
Squint - a brick which is specially made to bond around external quoins of obtuse angles. Typically 60 or 45 degrees.
Dog Leg - a brick which is specially made to bond around internal acute angles. Typically 60 or 45 degrees.
Corbel - a brick, block or stone which oversails the main wall.
Cant - a header which is angled at less than 90 degrees.
Plinth - a stretcher which is angled at less than 90 degrees.
Voussoir - a supporting brick in an arch, usually shaped to ensure the joints appear even.
Creasing tile - a flat clay tile laid as a brick to form decorative features or waterproofing to the top of a garden wall.
Cramp - or frame cramp is a tie used to secure a window or door frame.
Movement Joint - a straight joint formed in a wall to contain compressible material, in order to prevent cracking as the wall contracts or expands.
Air brick - a brick with perforations to allow the passage of air through a wall. Usually used to permit the ventilation of underfloor areas.
Pier - a free standing section of masonry such as pillar or panel.
Quoin - a corner in masonry.
Stopped end - the end of a wall which does not abut any other component.
Dog tooth - a course of headers where alternate bricks project from the face.
Saw tooth - a course of headers laid at a 45 degree angle to the main face.
Sleeper wall - a low wall whose function is to provide support, typically to floor joists.
Honeycomb wall - a wall, usually stretcher bond, in which the vertical joints are opened up to the size of a quarter bat to allow air to circulate. Commonly used in sleeper walls.
Party Wall - a wall shared by two properties or parties.
Shear Wall - a wall designed to give way in the event of structural failure in order to preserve the integrity of the remaining building.
Fire Wall - a wall specifically constructed to compartmentalise a building in order to prevent fire spread.
Withe - the central wall dividing two shafts. Most commonly to divide flues within a chimney.
Toothing - the forming of a temporary stopped end in such a way as to allow the bond to continue at a later date as the work proceeds.
Indent - a hole left in a wall in order to accommodate an adjoining wall at a future date. These are often left to permit temporary access to the work area.
Tumbling in - bonding a battered buttress or breast into a horizontal wall.
Racking back - stepping back the bond as the wall increases in height in order to allow the work to proceed at a future date.

[edit] Brickwork bonds

Flemish bond.

Cavity wall-stretcher bond

English bond

[edit] Flemish bond

Ruins of Rosewell Plantation, Gloucester County, Virginia, one of earliest works in America in Flemish bond. The bricks were imported from England.

Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, has historically always been considered the most decorative bond, and for this reason was used extensively for dwellings until the adoption of the cavity wall. It is created by alternately laying headers and stretchers in a single course. The next course is laid so that a header lies in the middle of the stretcher in the course below. This bond is two bricks thick. It is quite difficult to lay Flemish bond properly, since for best effect all the perpendiculars (vertical mortar joints) need to be vertically aligned. If only one face of a Flemish bond wall is exposed, one third of the bricks are not visible, and hence may be of low visual quality. This is a better ratio than for English bond, Flemish bond's main rival for load-bearing walls.

A common variation often found in early 18th century buildings is Glazed-headed Flemish Bond, in which the exposed headers are burned until they vitrify with a black glassy surface. Monk bond' is a variant of Flemish bond, with two stretchers between the headers in each row, and the headers centred over the join between the two stretchers in the row below. A common variant is Wessex Bond with three stretchers between each header. This is easier to lay than full Flemish Bond and produces a less intense, but nevertheless "pretty" brickwork face.

[edit] Stretcher bond

Stretcher bond, also known as running bond, consists of bricks laid with only their long narrow sides (their stretchers) showing, overlapping midway with the courses of bricks below and above. It is the simplest repeating pattern, but since it doesn't bond with other layers of bricks it is suitable only for a wall one brick thick, the thinnest possible wall.[4] Such a thin wall is not stable enough to stand alone, and must be tied to a supporting structure. It is common in modern buildings, particularly as the outer face of a cavity wall, or as the facing to a timber or steel framed structure.

[edit] English bond

This bond has two alternating courses of stretchers and headers, with the headers centered on the stretchers, and each alternate row vertically aligned. There is a variant in which the second course of stretchers is half offset from the first, giving rise to English cross bond or Dutch bond.[5]

[edit] American bond

By one definition, Common, American or Scottish bond has one row of headers to five of stretchers.[6] The number of stretcher courses may vary from that, in practice. For example, the brick Clarke-Palmore House in Henrico County, Virginia, has a lower level built in 1819 described as being American bond of 3 to 5 stretcher courses between each header course, and an upper level built in 1855 with American bond of 6 to 7 stretcher courses between each header course.[7]

[edit] Garden wall bonds

English garden wall bond - A repeating sequence of three courses of stretchers followed by a course of headers.
Flemish garden Wall Bond - A repeating sequence of three stretchers followed by a header in each course. The courses are offset so that the headers of the courses above and below is centered on the middle stretcher of the course between (so at any header the sequence vertically is header-stretcher-header etc.). A variation of Flemish Garden Wall bond is Flemish diagonal bond - A complex pattern of stretcher courses alternating with courses of one or two stretchers between headers, at various offsets such that over ten courses a diamond shaped pattern appears.[5]
Water Bond - a nine inch wall bond where both skins are built in stretcher bond, but the bed joints in are staggered so as not to align. This bond is often specified by local councils in the North of England for manholes.

[edit] Rat-trap bond

Rat-trap bond, also known as Chinese bond, is a type of garden wall bond similar to Flemish, but consisting of rowlocks and shiners instead of headers and stretchers (the stretchers and headers are laid on their sides, with the base of the stretcher facing outwards). This gives a wall with an internal cavity bridged by the headers, hence the name. The main advantage of this bond is economy in use of bricks, giving a wall of one brick thickness with fewer bricks than a solid bond. Rat-trap bond was in common usage in England for building houses of fewer than 3 stories up to the turn of the 20th century and is today still used in India as an economical bond, as well for the insulation properties offered by the air cavity. Also, many brick walls surrounding kitchen gardens were designed with cavities so hot air could circulate in the winter, warming fruit trees or other produce spread against the walls, causing them to bloom earlier and forcing early fruit production.[8][9]

[edit] See also

Stone ender

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See also: List of the oldest buildings in Rhode Island

1653 Roger Mowry House (Providence) diagram from Norman Isham's 1895 book [1]

Arnold House, 1691, Lincoln, Rhode Island

The Stone-ender is a unique style of Rhode Island architecture that developed in the 17th century where one wall in a house is made up of a large stone chimney.

Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Description of a Stone-ender 3 List of early extant Rhode Island stone-enders (2010) 4 Images 5 References and external links

[edit] History

Rhode Island was first settled in 1636 by Roger Williams and other colonists from England. Many of the colonists came from western England and brought the prevalent British architectural ideas with them to New England but adapted these to the environment of Rhode Island. The colonists built “stone enders” which made use of the material that was in abundance in the area, timber and stone. Rhode Island also had an abundance of limestone (in contrast to the other New England states), and this allowed Rhode Islanders to make mortar to build massive end chimneys on their houses. Much of the lime was quarried at Limerock in Lincoln, Rhode Island. Only a few stone enders remain in the 21st century. Architectural restorationist, Norman Isham restored several original stone enders in the early 20th century, (see: *Clement Weaver House and Clemence-Irons House). Armand LaMontagne, a Scituate sculptor, handbuilt a large 17th-century style stone-ender off of Route 6 in Scituate, Rhode Island in the 1970s.

[edit] Description of a Stone-ender

Stone ender houses were usually timber-framed, one and one-half or two stories in height, with one room on each floor. One end of the house contained a massive stone chimney, which usually filled the entire end wall, thus giving the dwelling the name of “stone ender.” Robert O. Jones, in the Statewide Historical Preservation Report K-W-1, Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1981, noted that the windows were very small “casements filled with oiled paper” and that “the stairs to the upper chambers were steep, ladder-like structures usually squeezed in between the chimney and the front entrance.” He points out that a few houses may have had leaded glass windows, but that was very rare. For an example containing the leaded glass windows along with ladder-like, steep stairs, see: *Clement Weaver House, East Greenwich, Rhode Island 1679

[edit] List of early extant Rhode Island stone-enders (2010)

• Clemence-Irons House, Johnston, Rhode Island 1691

• Clement Weaver House, East Greenwich, Rhode Island 1679

• Edward Searle House, Cranston, Rhode Island 1677

• Eleazer Arnold House, Lincoln, Rhode Island 1693

• John Bliss House, Newport, Rhode Island ca. 1680

• John Tripp House, Providence/Newport, Rhode Island 1720

• Smith-Appleby House, Smithfield, Rhode Island, 1696 (chimney later modified)

• Thomas Fenner House, Cranston, Rhode Island 1677

• Valentine Whitman House, Lincoln, Rhode Island 1694

[edit] Images

Epenetus Olney House in North Providence, demolished by 1900	Arthur Fenner House (ca. 1655) in Cranston, demolished 1886	Clement Weaver House, ca. 1679, in East Greenwich, Rhode Island	Valentine Whitman House, 1694, Lincoln, Rhode Island
Irons House, 1691, Johnston, Rhode Island	Tripp House, 1720, Washington Street, Newport, Rhode Island	John Bliss House, ca. 1680, 2 Wilbur Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island	Mowry Tavern, ca. 1650, in Providence near North Burial Ground (demolished c.1900)
John Mowry, Jr. or Sayles House on Wesquadomeset (Sayles) Hill near Iron Mine Hill and Sayles Hill Roads in North Smithfield, demolished in the early 20th century	Stone ender on Memorial Boulevard in Newport, Rhode Island	Thomas Fenner House in Cranston, Rhode Island	Edward Searle House in Cranston, Rhode Island
Armand Lamontagne's stone ender from the late 20th century in Scituate, Rhode Island	Smith-Appleby House in Smithfield with a modified chimney	Governor William Coddington House, a stone ender in Newport built in 1640-41, was destroyed in 1835

List of tallest chimneys in the world

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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010)

A list of the tallest chimneys of the world.

[edit] Timeline of world's tallest chimney

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, tall chimneys were built, at the beginning with bricks, and later also of concrete or steel. Although chimneys never held the absolute height record, they are among the tallest free-standing architectural structures and often hold national records (as tallest free-standing or as overall tallest structure of a country).[citation needed]

Held record		Name and Location	Constructed	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Notes
From	To
1842	1859	Tennant's Stalk, Glasgow, Scotland, UK	1842	132	435
1859	1889	Port Dundas Townsend Chimney, Glasgow, Scotland, UK	1859	138.4	454
1889	1919	Halsbrücker Esse, Halsbrücke, Germany	1889	140	459
1919		Anaconda Smelter Stack, Anaconda, Montana, USA	1919	178.3	585	Tallest chimney built of bricks
1962	1967	Chimney of Schilling Power Station, Stade, Germany	1962	220	722
1967	1970	Chimney of Lippendorf Power Station, Lippendorf, Germany	1967	300	984
1970	1971	Chimney of Cumberland Power Plant, Cumberland City, USA	1970	305	1001
1971	1987	Inco Superstack, Copper Cliff, Ontario, Canada	1971	380	1247
1987		GRES-2 Power Station, Ekibastusz, Kazakhstan	1987	419.7	1377

[edit] Current

Name	Pinnacle height		Year	Country	Town	Remarks
Chimney of GRES-2 Power Station	1377 ft	419.7 m	1987	Kazakhstan	Ekibastuz	Tallest chimney in the world
Inco Superstack	1247 ft	380 m	1971	Canada	Sudbury, Ontario	Tallest chimney in the Western Hemisphere
Chimney of Homer City Generating Station	1217 ft	371 m	1977	United States	Homer City, Pennsylvania	Tallest chimney in the United States.
Kennecott Smokestack	1215 ft	370.4 m	1974	United States	Magna, Utah	Tallest free-standing structure west of the Mississippi River
Chimney of Berezovskaya GRES	1214 ft	370 m	1985	Russia	Sharypovo	Tallest chimney in Russia
Chimney of Mitchell Power Plant	1206 ft	367.6 m	1971	United States	Moundsville, West Virginia
Trbovlje Chimney	1181 ft	360 m	1976	Slovenia	Trbovlje	Tallest chimney in Europe
Endesa Termic	1168 ft	356 m	1974	Spain	As Pontes, Galicia
Chimney of Phoenix Copper Smelter	1153 ft	351.5 m	1995	Romania	Baia Mare
Chimney of Syrdarya Power Plant	1148 ft	350 m	1975	Uzbekistan	Syr Darya
Chimney of Teruel Power Plant	1125 ft	343 m		Spain	Teruel
Chimney of Plomin Power Station	1115 ft	340 m		Croatia	Plomin
Chimney of Power Station Westerholt	1106 ft	337 m	1997	Germany	Gelsenkirchen, North Rhine-Westphalia	Demolished on December 3, 2006 by explosives. Tallest free-standing structure ever demolished by explosives in a controlled manner
Chimney of Mountaineer Power Plant	1102 ft	336 m	1980	United States	New Haven, West Virginia
Chimney of Moldavskaya GRES-5	1099 ft	335 m		Template:Moldova	Nezavertailovca[1]
Chimney of Ekibastuz GRES-1	1083 ft	330 m		Kazakhstan	Ekibastuz[1]
2 Сhimneys of Permskaya GRES	1083 ft	330 m	1987	Russia	Dobryanka
2 Сhimneys of Reftinskaya GRES	1083 ft	330 m	1980	Russia	Reftinskiy
Chimney of Kharkiv TEC-5	1083 ft	330 m	1981	Ukraine	Kharkiv
Chimney of Zuevska thermal power station	1083 ft	330 m		Ukraine	Zuhres, Donetsk Oblast[1]
Chimney of Maritza East Power Station	1066 ft	325 m	1977/1980	Bulgaria	Stara Zagora
Chimney of Pirdop copper smelter and refinery	1066 ft	325 m	?	Bulgaria	Pirdop
2 Сhimneys of Kirishskaya GRES	1050 ft	320 m	1984/1986	Russia	Kirishi[1]
Chimney of Ryazanskaya GRES	1050 ft	320 m	1973	Russia	Novomichurinsk
2 Сhimneys of Tobolsk TEC	1050 ft	320 m	1983	Russia	Tobolsk
Chimney of Kostromskaya GRES	1050 ft	320 m	?	Russia	Volgorechensk
Chimney of Zaporozhskaya GRES	1050 ft	320 m	1972	Ukraine	Enerhodar[2]
Chimney of Vuhlehirska thermal power plant	1050 ft	320 m	197?	Ukraine	Solncedar
Chimney of Rockport Power Plant	1038 ft	316.4 m		United States	Rockport, Indiana
Chimney of Ugljevik Power Plant	1017 ft	310 m	1985	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Ugljevik
Chimney of Armstrong Power Plant	1011 ft	308.15 m	1982	United States	Kittanning
Chimney of Buschhaus Power Station	1007 ft	307 m	1984	Germany	Helmstedt, Lower Saxony
Chimney of Harrison Power Station Scrubber	1001 ft	305 m	1994	United States	Haywood, West Virginia
Chimney of Robert W Scherer Power Plant	1001 ft	305 m	1983/1985	United States	Juliette, Georgia
Chimney of Independence Power Plant	1001 ft	305 m	1983	United States	Newark, Arkansas
Chimney of Kyger Creek Power Plant	1001 ft	305 m	1980	United States	Gallipolis, Ohio
Chimney of White Bluff Power Plant	1001 ft	305 m	1980	United States	Pine Bluff, Arkansas
Chimney of Harllee Branch Power Plant	1001 ft	305 m	1978	United States	Milledgeville, Georgia
Chimney of Widows Creek Power Plant	1001 ft	305 m	1977	United States	Stevenson, Alabama
Chimney of Hal B. Wansley Power Plant	1001 ft	305 m	1976	United States	Carrollton, Georgia
Chimney of Kingston Power Plant	1001 ft	305 m	1976	United States	Kingston, Tennessee
Chimney of Harrison Power Station	1001 ft	305 m	1972/1973	United States	Haywood, West Virginia
Chimney of Cumberland Power Plant	1001 ft	305 m	1970	United States	Cumberland City, Tennessee
Chimney of W. H. Sammis Power Plant, Unit 7	1001 ft	305 m	1970	United States	Stratton, Ohio
Chimney of Conemaugh Generating Station	1001 ft	305 m		United States	Seward, Pennsylvania
Chimney of Hayden Smelter	1001 ft	305 m		United States	Hayden, Arizona
Chimney of Plant Bowen Coal	1001 ft	305 m		United States	Taylorsville, Georgia
Chimney of Chvaletice Power Station	1001 ft	305 m	1977	Czech Republic	Chvaletice
Chimney of Pleasants Power Plant	1000 ft	304.8 m		United States	Belmont, West Virginia	2 chimneys
Chimney of Power Plant Scholven	991 ft	302 m		Germany	Gelsenkirchen
Chimney of Power Plant Chemnitz	991 ft	302 m		Germany	Chemnitz
Chimney of SASOL III Synthetic Fuel Production Plant	988 ft	301 m	1979	South Africa	Secunda
Chimney of Lippendorf Power Station	984 ft	300 m	1967	Germany	Lippendorf, Saxony	Demolished in 2005
Chimney of Tušimice Power Station	984 ft	300 m	1974	Czech Republic	Tušimice
Chimney of Novaky Power Plant	984 ft	300 m	1976	Slovakia	Nováky
Chimney of Clifty Creek Power Plant	984 ft	300 m	1978	United States	Madison, Indiana
Chimney of Prunéřov Power Station	984 ft	300 m	1981	Czech Republic	Prunéřov
Chimney of Duvha Power Station	984 ft	300 m	1982	South Africa	Witbank
Chimney of Power Plant Jänschwalde	984 ft	300 m	1981	Germany	Jänschwalde
Chimney of Provence Power Station	984 ft	300 m	1984	France	Gardanne
Thermal power station Kakanj[3]	984 ft	300 m	1987	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Čatići
Chimney of Walsum Power Station	984 ft	300 m	1988	Germany	Walsum, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Herne Power Station	984 ft	300 m	1989	Germany	Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Bishkek TEC	984 ft	300 m	1989	Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek
Chimney of Thierbach Power Station	984 ft	300 m		Germany	Espenhain, Saxony	Demolished
Chimneys of Boxberg Power Station	984 ft	300 m		Germany	Boxberg, Saxony
Chimneys of Marl-Chemiepark Power Station	984 ft	300 m		Germany	Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia	Dismantled
Chimney of Orot Rabin	984 ft	300 m	1997	Israel	Hadera
Chimney of Rybnik Power Station	984 ft	300 m	1974	Poland	Rybnik
Chimney of Jaworzno Power Station	984 ft	300 m		Poland	Jaworno
Chimney of Bełchatów Power Station	984 ft	300 m		Poland	Bełchatów
Chimney of Kozienice Power Station	984 ft	300 m		Poland	Kozienice
Chimney of Warszawa-Kawęczyn Power Station	984 ft	300 m		Poland	Warsaw–Kawcyn
Chimney 1 of Compostilla II Power Station	951 ft	290 m		Spain	Cubillos del Sil
Chimney of Bruce Mansfield Power Plant, Unit 1 + 2	950 ft	289.6 m	1976	United States	Shippingport, Pennsylvania
Chimney of Bergkamen Power Station	925 ft	282 m	1981	Germany	Bergkamen, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Werdohl-Elverlingsen Power Station	925 ft	282 m		Germany	Werdohl, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Fundidora Mexicana de Cobre	919 ft	280 m	1988	Mexico	Nacozari
Chimney of Matla Power Station Smokestack	906 ft	276 m	1982	South Africa	Kriel	Destroyed
Chimney of John E. Amos Power Plant	904 ft	275.4 m	1971/1973	United States	St. Albans, West Virginia
Chimney of Dahanu Power Station	903 ft	275.3 m	1995	India	Dahanu	Tallest in India
Chimney of Sagardighi Thermal Power Station	902 ft	275 m	2004	India	Sagardighi, Murshidabad
Chimney of Korba Power Plant	902 ft	275 m	2009	India	Korba	.
Chimney of Ibbenbüren Power Station	902 ft	275 m	1985	Germany	Ibbenbüren, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of TEC-5	901 ft	275 m	1983	Russia	Omsk
Chimneys of Kendal Power Station	902 ft	275 m	1988/1991	South Africa	Kendal
Chimneys of Lethabo Power Station	902 ft	275 m	1985/1988	South Africa	Vereeniging
Chimneys of Tutuka Power Station	902 ft	275 m	1985/1988	South Africa	Standerton
Chimneys of Matla Power Station	902 ft	275 m	1984	South Africa	Kriel	One stack is a replacement. Original stack was demolished after partial collapse of internal structure during construction.
Chimney of Orhaneli Power Plant	902 ft	275 m		Turkey	Orhaneli
Chimney of Killen Generating Station	901 ft	274.5 m	1982	United States	Manchester, Ohio
Chimney of Kammer Power Plant	901 ft	274.5 m	1978	United States	Moundsville, West Virginia
Chimney of Power Plant Łódź	757 ft	274 m	1977	Poland	Łódź
Chimney of Cardinal Power Plant, Unit 3	899 ft	272.8 m	1977	United States	Brilliant, Ohio
Chimney of MIM Smelter (MIM Smelter Stack)	886 ft	270 m	1978	Australia	Mount Isa, Queensland
Chimney 2 of Compostilla II Power Station	886 ft	270 m		Spain	Cubillos del Sil
Chimney of Mělník Power Station	886 ft	270 m	1971	Czech Republic	Horní Počáply
Chimney of Stavropolskaya GRES	886 ft	270 m		Russia	Stavropol
Chimney of Kurganskaya TEC	886 ft	270 m		Russia	Kurgan
Chimney of TEC-6	886 ft	270 m	1983	Ukraine	Kiev
Chimney of Ashbridges Bay Sewage Treatment Plant	857 ft	261.2 m		Canada	Toronto, Ontario
Chimneys of Loy Yang Power Station	853 ft	260 m		Australia	Traraglon, Victoria
Chimney of Power Plant Siersza	853 ft	260 m	1970	Poland	Siersza
Chimney of Power Plant Kraków-Leg	853 ft	260 m		Poland	Kraków
Chimney of Power Plant Rybnik	853 ft	260 m		Poland	Rybnik
Chimney of Dětmarovice Power Station	850 ft	259 m	1975	Czech Republic	Dětmarovice
Chimney of Shawville Generating Station	850 ft	259 m	1976	United States	Erie, Pennsylvania
Chimney of R. E. Burger Power Plant	850 ft	259 m	1972	United States	Shadyside, Ohio
Chimneys of W. H. Sammis Power Plant, Unit 5 + 6	850 ft	259 m	1967	United States	Stratton, Ohio
Chimney of Drax Power Station	850 ft	259 m	1969	United Kingdom	Drax, North Yorkshire, England
Chimney of Robert W Scherer Power Plant New Units 3&4	847 ft	258 m	2010	United States	Juliette, Georgia
Chimney of TEC-4	846 ft	258 m		Russia	Omsk
Second chimney of Kostromskaya GRES	840 ft	256 m	2002	Russia	Volgorechensk
Chimney Hamburg-Port	840 ft	256 m		Germany	Hamburg	Demolished. At its demolition by explosives in April 2004 further damage occurred caused by miscalculation of debris trajectories.
Chimney of Loy Yang	837 ft	255 m	1993	Australia	Traraglon, Victoria
Chimney of Power Plant Moszna	830 ft	253 m		Poland	Moszna
Chimney of Gen. J. M. Gavin Power Plant	830 ft	253 m	1994	United States	Cheshire, Ohio
Chimneys of Yates Power Plant	830 ft	253 m	1974	United States	Newnan, Georgia
Chimney of El Paso Smelter	828 ft	252.5 m	1967	United States	El Paso, Texas
Chimney of HBM&S Flin Flon Smelter	825 ft	251 m	1973	Canada	Flin Flon, Manitoba
Chimney of Esbjerg Power Station	821 ft	250.24 m		Denmark	Esbjerg
Chimneys of Bayswater Power Station	820 ft	250 m		Australia	Hunter Valley
Mount Piper Chimney	820 ft	250 m		Australia	Lithgow
TE Rijeka	820 ft	250 m	1978	Croatia	Kostrena
Chimney of Wilhelmshaven Power Station	820 ft	250 m	1976	Germany	Wilhelmshaven, Lower Saxony
Chimney of Voerde Power Station	820 ft	250 m	1982	Germany	Voerde, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney Grosskrotzenburg Power Station	820 ft	250 m		Germany	Großkrotzenburg, Hesse
Chimney Lünen Power Station	820 ft	250 m		Germany	Lünen, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Unit 6 of Bremen-Hafen Power Station	820 ft	250 m		Germany	Bremen
Chimney of Altbach Power Station	820 ft	250 m		Germany	Altbach, Baden-Württemberg
Chimney of Heilbronn Power Station	820 ft	250 m		Germany	Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg
Chimneys Duisburg-Schwelgern	820 ft	250 m		Germany	Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney Duisburg-Neuenkamp	820 ft	250 m		Germany	Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney Duisburg-Hochfeld	820 ft	250 m		Germany	Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Mehrum Power Station	820 ft	250 m		Germany	Hohenhameln, Lower Saxony
Chimney of AES Tisza 2 Power Plant	820 ft	250 m	1974	Hungary	Tiszaújváros
Chimney 1 and Chimney 2 of Orot Rabin	820 ft	250 m	1993	Israel	Hadera
Chimneys of Porto Tolle Power Station	820 ft	250 m	1977	Italy	Porto Tolle
Chimney of Plant	820 ft	250 m	?	Kazakhstan	Temirtau
Chimneys of Elektrenai Power Plant	820 ft	250 m	1968	Lithuania	Elektrenai
Chimneys of Vilnius 3 Power Plant	820 ft	250 m		Lithuania	Vilnius
Chimney of Power Plant Polaniac	820 ft	250 m		Poland	Polaniac	2 chimneys
Chimney of Power Plant Katowice	820 ft	250 m		Poland	Opole
Chimney of Power Plant Opole	820 ft	250 m		Poland	Katowice
Chimney of artificial fibre factory "WISKORD"	820 ft	250 m		Poland	Szczecin
Chimney of Stavropolskaya GRES	820 ft	250 m		Russia	Stavropol
2 Chimneys of Reftinskaya GRES	820 ft	250 m	1975	Russia	Reftinskiy
Chimney of TEC-2	820 ft	250 m	1986	Russia	Tyumen
2 Chimneys of TEC-23	820 ft	250 m	1975/1981	Russia	Moscow
Chimney of TEC-27	820 ft	250 m	1994	Russia	Moscow
Chimney of TEC-2	820 ft	250 m		Russia	Lipetsk
Chimney of TEC-2	820 ft	250 m		Russia	Ulyanovsk
Chimney of Kashirskaya GRES	820 ft	250 m		Russia	Kashira
Chimney of Troitskaya TEC	820 ft	250 m		Russia	Troitsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Chimneys of Majuba Power Station	820 ft	250 m	1996/2000	South Africa	Volksrust
Chimneys of Matimba Power Station	820 ft	250 m	1987/1990	South Africa	Ellisras
Chimneys of Taichung Power Plant	820 ft	250 m		Taiwan	Taichung
Chimney of ASARCO Cooper Plant	814 ft	248 m	1967	United States	El Paso, Texas
Chimney of Yates Power Plant	805 ft	245.4 m	1971/1973	United States	Newnan, Georgia
Chimneys of Monroe Power Plant	801 ft	244.1 m	1974	United States	Monroe, Michigan
Chimney of Grain Power Station	801 ft	244 m	1979	United Kingdom	Isle of Grain, England
Chimney of Shawnee Power Plant	801 ft	244 m	1979/1980	United States	Paducah, Kentucky
Chimneys of Miami Fort Power Plant	801 ft	244 m	1975/1978	United States	North Bend, Ohio
Chimneys of J M Stuart Generating Station	801 ft	244 m	1970/1971/1972/1974	United States	Aberdeen, Ohio
Chimney of Paradise Power Plant	801 ft	244 m	1970	United States	Drakesboro, Kentucky
Chimneys of Homer City Generating Station, Unit 1 + 2	801 ft	244 m	1969	United States	Homer City, Pennsylvania
Chimneys of Keystone Generating Station, Unit 1 + 2	801 ft	244 m	1967/68	United States	Shelocta, Pennsylvania
Chimney of Bull Run Power Plant	801 ft	244 m	1967	United States	Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Associated Electric Stack#1	800 ft	243.8 m		United States	New Madrid, Missouri
Chimney of Marl-Chemiepark Power Station	791 ft	241 m		Germany	Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Scholven A Power Station	798 ft	240.5 m		Germany	Gelsenkirchen, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimneys of Luohuang Power Station	787 ft	240 m	1989/2005	People's Republic of China	Chongqing
Chimney of Voerde Power Station	787 ft	240 m		Germany	Voerde, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimneys of Bexbach Power Station	787 ft	240 m		Germany	Bexbach, Saarland
Chimney of Cuno Power Station	787 ft	240 m		Germany	Herdecke, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Allen S King Generating Station	786 ft	239.5 m		United States	Bayport, Minnesota
Chimneys of Navajo Generating Station	775 ft	236.2 m	1997/1998/1999	United States	Page, Arizona
Chimney Inverkip Power Station	774 ft	236 m	1976	United Kingdom	Inverkip, Scotland
Chimney Power Station Schwandorf	771 ft	235 m		Germany	Schwandorf, Bavaria	Demolished
Chimneys of Niederaussem Power Station	768 ft	234 m		Germany	Niederaussem, North Rhine-Westphalia
Сhimney of Petrogal Sines	768 ft	234 m	?	Portugal	Sines
Chimney Heating Power Station Karlsruhe	764 ft	233 m		Germany	Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg
Chimneys Weiher Power Station	761 ft	232 m		Germany	Quierschied-Weiher, Saarland
Chimneys of Kashima Thermal power station	758 ft	231 m	1971	Japan	Ibaraki
Chimney of Plant Gaston	755 ft	230 m	2009	United States	Wilsonville, Alabama
Chimney of Plant Gorgas	755 ft	230 m	2007	United States	Parrish, Alabama
Chimney of Callide 'C' Power Station	755 ft	230 m	2000	Australia	Callide
Chimney of Šoštanj Power Station	755 ft	230 m		Slovenia	Šoštanj
Chimney of Cheswick Power Station	755 ft	230 m	1970	United States	Springdale, Pennsylvania
Chimney of Castrop-Rauxel Power Station	755 ft	230 m		Germany	Castrop-Rauxel, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Voerde Power Station	755 ft	230 m		Germany	Voerde, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Power Plant Lubin	755 ft	230 m		Poland	Lubin
Chimney of New Castle Power Plant	750 ft	228.6 m	1977	United States	New Castle, Pennsylvania
Chimney of Heyden Power Station	745 ft	227 m		Germany	Petershagen, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Heating Power Station Gera-Nord	738 ft	225 m		Germany	Gera, Thuringia
Chimney Power Station Jena	738 ft	225 m		Germany	Jena, Thuringia
Chimney of Power Plant Bielsko Biala	738 ft	225 m	1975	Poland	Czechowice Dziedzice
Chimney of Power Plant Kraków-Leg	738 ft	225 m		Poland	Kraków
Chimney Power Station Asnæsværket	723 ft	220.1 m		Denmark	Kalundborg
Chimney of Moneypoint Generating Station	722 ft	220 m	1985	Ireland	Kilrush	Designed to have a height of 225m, but built to a height of 220m after changes during construction
Chimney of Mittal Steel Ostrava	722 ft	220 m		Czech Republic	Ostrava
Chimney of Počerady Power Station	722 ft	220 m	1977	Czech Republic	Počerady
Chimney of Schilling Power Station	722 ft	220 m	1962	Germany	Stade, Lower Saxony
Chimneys of Bayer-Power Station Leverkusen	722 ft	220 m		Germany	Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia	were used until 1944 as carrier for Bayer Cross Leverkusen
Chimney of Chita Power Plant Units 1-4	722 ft	220 m		Japan	Chita
Chimney of Power Plant Głogów	722 ft	220 m		Poland	Głogów
Chimney of Power Plant Polkowice	722 ft	220 m		Poland	Polkowice
Chimney of Power Plant Toruń	722 ft	220 m		Poland	Toruń
Chimneys of Morgantown Generating Station	718 ft	218.85 m	1970/1971	United States	Newburg, Maryland
Chimney of West Power Station	715 ft	218 m	1970	Germany	Voerde, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney of Pembroke Power Station	713 ft	217.3 m	1968	United Kingdom	Pembroke, Wales	Demolished
Chimney of Shell Pernis	712 ft	216 m	1974	Netherlands	Rotterdam
Chimney of Littlebrook Power Station, Unit 'D'	705 ft	215 m	1981	United Kingdom	Dartford, England
Chimney of the Hongkong Electric Lamma Island Power Plant	705 ft	215 m		Hong Kong	Lamma Island	[2]
Chimney of Richard L. Hearn Thermal Generating Station	705 ft	214.9 m		Canada	Toronto, Ontario
Chimney of Intermountain Power Plant	701 ft	213.67 m	1987	United States	Delta, Utah
Chimney of Plant Miller Units 1&2	700 ft	213.5 m	2010	United States	Quinton, Alabama
Chimney of Plant Miller Units 3&4	700 ft	213.5 m	2009	United States	Quinton, Alabama
Chimney of Rush Island Power Station	700 ft	213.5 m	1975	United States	Festus, Missouri
Chimneys of Lacygne Power Plant	700 ft	213.5 m	1973/1977	United States	Lacygne,Kansas
Chimney of Matla Power Station	700 ft	213.5 m	1979	South Africa	Kriel
Chimney of Iatan Power Plant	700 ft	213.5 m	1980	United States	Iatan, Missouri
Chimney of Oswego Generating Station	700 ft	213.5 m	1980	United States	Oswego, New York
Chimney of Nebraska City Power Station	700 ft	213.5 m	1978	United States	Nebraska City, Nebraska
Chimney of Oswego Generating Station, Unit 5	700 ft	213.5 m	1976	United States	Oswego, New York
Chimneys of Labadie Power Station	700 ft	213.5 m	1970/1972	United States	Labadie, Missouri
Chimney of Alma Power Station	700 ft	213.5 m		United States	Alma, Wisconsin
Chimney of Sibley Generating Station	700 ft	213.3 m	1967	United States	Sibley, Missouri
Chimney of Power Plant Kielce	699 ft	213 m		Poland	Kielcei
Chimney of Tarong North Power Station	689 ft	210 m	2001	Australia	Tarong
Chimney of Stanwell Power Station	689 ft	210 m	1993	Australia	Stanwell
Chimney of Callide Power Station, Unit 'B'	689 ft	210 m	1988	Australia	Callide
Chimney of Tarong Power Station	689 ft	210 m	1986	Australia	Tarong
Chimney of Toshima Incinerator	689 ft	210 m	1999	Japan	Ikebukuro, Tokyo
Chimney of Guangdong Yudean Jinghai Power Generation Station	689 ft	210 m	2007	People's Republic of China	Jieyang
Chimney of Guangdong Red Bay Generation Powerplant	689 ft	210 m	2006	People's Republic of China	Shanwei
Chimney of Zhanjiang Aoliyou Powerplant	689 ft	210 m	2005	People's Republic of China	Zhanjiang
Chimney of Huaneng Shantou Powerplant	689 ft	210 m	1996	People's Republic of China	Shantou
Chimney Power Station Moers-Meerbeck	689 ft	210 m		Germany	Moers–Meerbeck, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney Power Station Dortmund-Derne	689 ft	210 m		Germany	Dortmund-Derne, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney Karlsruhe	689 ft	210 m		Germany	Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg
Chimney of Gustav Knepper Power Station	689 ft	210 m		Germany	Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimneys of Poolbeg Generating Station	680 ft	207.3 m	1970 / 1978	Ireland	Dublin
Chimney of Plant Hammond	675 ft	205.8 m	2008	United States	Coosa, Georgia
Chimney of Plant Bowen Units 1&2	675 ft	205.8 m	2008	United States	Cartersville, Georgia
Chimney of Plant Bowen Units 3&4	675 ft	205.8 m	2007	United States	Cartersville, Georgia
Chimney of Plant Wansley	675 ft	205.8 m	2007	United States	Roopville, Georgia
Chimney of Zinifex Smelter (Zinifex Smelter Stack)	673 ft	205 m		Australia	Port Pirie
Fina Antwerp Olefins Flare	673 ft	205 m		Belgium	Antwerp
Chimney of Ironbridge Power Station	673 ft	205 m	1970	United Kingdom	Ironbridge, England
Chimney of Slovalco	669 ft	204 m		Slovakia	Žiar nad Hronom
Chimney of Mondi Business Paper SCP	669 ft	204 m		Slovakia	Ružomberok
Chimney of MVM Észak-Buda Power Station	666 ft	203 m	1974	Hungary	Budapest
Chimney Power Station Franken II	663 ft	202 m	1963/64	Germany	Erlangen, Bavaria	Demolished in 2001
Chimneys of Eraring Power Station	656 ft	200 m	1982/83	Australia	Eraring
Chimney of Simmering Power Station, Unit 3	656 ft	200 m	1990	Austria	Vienna
Chimney of Cementárna Maloměřice	656 ft	200 m		Czech Republic	Brno
Chimney of Škoda Auto	656 ft	200 m		Czech Republic	Mladá Boleslav
Chimney of Mělník Power Station	656 ft	200 m	1980	Czech Republic	Horní Počaply
Chimney of Ledvice Power Station	656 ft	200 m	1969	Czech Republic	Ledvice
Chimney of Počerady Power Station	656 ft	200 m		Czech Republic	Počerady
Chimney of Spolana Neratovice	656 ft	200 m		Czech Republic	Neratovice
Stadtwerketurm	656 ft	200 m	1967	Germany	Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney Power Station Mannheim-Neckarau	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Mannheim–Neckarau, Baden-Württemberg
Chimney Ludwigshafen	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Ludwigshafen, Rhineland-Palatinate
Chimney Leverkusen	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney Essen-Karnap	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Essen–Karnap, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimney Power Station Hamm-Schmehausen	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Hamm–Schmehausen, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimneys of Frimmersdorf Power Station	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Frimmersdorf, North Rhine-Westphalia
Cooling tower of Niederaussem Power Station	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Niederaußem, North Rhine-Westphalia	World's tallest cooling tower
Chimney of Irsching Power Station	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Irsching, Bavaria
Chimney Breitungen	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Breitungen, Thuringia
Chimneys Wilhelmshaven	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Wilhelmshaven, Lower Saxony
Chimney of Schkopau Power Station	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Schkopau, Saxony-Anhalt
Chimney of Schwedt Power Station	656 ft	200 m		Germany	Schwedt, Brandenburg
Chimney of Hekinan Power Plant, Units 1-3	656 ft	200 m	1990	Japan	Hekinan
Chimney of Sakaide Power Plant, Units 2-4	656 ft	200 m	1971	Japan	Sakaide
Chimney of Anan Power Plant	656 ft	200 m		Japan	Anan
Chimney of Atsumi Power Plant	656 ft	200 m		Japan	Atsumi
Chimney of Chita Daini Power Plant	656 ft	200 m		Japan	Chita
Chimney of Chita Power Plant	656 ft	200 m		Japan	Chita
Chimney of New Plymouth Power Station	656 ft	200 m	1972	New Zealand	New Plymouth
Chimney of Power Plant Katowice	656 ft	200 m		Poland	Katowice
Chimney of Power Plant Zabrze	656 ft	200 m		Poland	Zabrze
Chimney of Power Station Kozienice	656 ft	200 m		Poland	Kozienice
Chimney of Power Plant Bedsin-Lagisza	656 ft	200 m		Poland	Bedsin–Lagisza
Chimney of Power Station Patnow	656 ft	200 m		Poland	Patnow
Chimney of Power Station Poznań-Karolin	656 ft	200 m		Poland	Poznań–Karolin
Chimney of Power Station Warszawa-Siekierki	656 ft	200 m		Poland	Warsaw–Siekierki
Chimney of Power Station Gdańsk	656 ft	200 m		Poland	Gdańsk
Chimney of Power Station Warszawa-Zeran	656 ft	200 m		Poland	Warsaw–Zeran
Solar Tower Manzanares	656 ft	200 m	1989	Spain	Manzanares	Destroyed
Sant Adria de Besos Power Station	656 ft	200 m	1976	Spain	Sant Adria de Besos
Chimney of Fiddlers Ferry Power Station	656 ft	200 m	1971	United Kingdom	Widnes, England
Gibson Generating Station	655 ft	199.7 m	2005	United States	Owensville, Indiana	One of the newest entries
Port Kembla Copper Stack	650 ft	198 m	1965	Australia	Port Kembla, New South Wales	Scheduled to be demolished in 2010
Chimney of Tušimice Power Station	643 ft	196 m	1964	Czech Republic	Tušimice	Demolished on November 27, 2005 by explosives
Gibson Generating Station	626 ft	195.6 m	2006	United States	Owensville, Indiana
Chimney of Tepláreň	607 ft	185 m		Slovakia	Zvolen
Chimney of Plant Barry	600 ft	183 m	2009	United States	Bucks, Alabama
Chimney of Brunner Island Power Plant	600 ft	183 m	2008	United States	York Haven, Pennsylvania
Chimney of Coleson Cove Generating Station	600 ft	183 m	2004	Canada	Saint John, New Brunswick
Chimney of Seward Power Plant	600 ft	183 m	1921	United States	Seward, Pennsylvania
Chimney of Coleson Cove Generating Station	600 ft	183m	1976	Canada	Saint John, New Brunswick	Two chimneys
Chimney of Senoko Power Station	597 ft	182 m	1976	Singapore	Singapore	Two chimneys Stages II and III ( Stage II chimney demolition completed in July 2010 )
Chimney of Tychy CHP Power Plant	591 ft	180 m	1976	Poland	Tychy
Chimney of Duck Creek Power Plant	588 ft	179.3 m	2008	United States	Canton, Illinois
Anaconda Smelter Stack	585 ft	178.3 m	1919	United States	Anaconda, Montana	Tallest brick chimney in the world
Chimney of Monroe Power Plant	580 ft	176.8 m	2007	United States	Monroe, Michigan
Chimney of Suginami Incinerator	524 ft	160 m	1982	Japan	Suginami, Tokyo
Chimney of Petrochema	524 ft	160 m	1989	Slovakia	Dubová
Chimney of ASARCO	492 ft	155 m	1929	Mexico	Nueva Rosita	Chimney built of bricks, actually the government is building a huge park around it, and a laser will be placed at the top.
Chimneys of Moss Landing Power Plant	500 ft	153 m	1964	United States	Moss Landing, California	Two chimneys
Chimney of Volkswagen	492 ft	150 m		Slovakia	Bratislava
Chimney of Senoko Incineration Plant	492 ft	150 m	1992	Singapore	Singapore	Two chimneys
Chimney of Novaky Power Plant-B, Units 1 + 2	492 ft	150 m	1963	Slovakia	Nováky
Incel Chimney	492 ft	150 m	?	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Banja Luka
Halsbrücker Esse	459 ft	140 m	1889	Germany	Halsbrücke	Chimney built of bricks
Port Dundas Townsend Chimney	454 ft	138.4 m	1859	United Kingdom	Glasgow, Scotland	Chimney built of bricks
Chimneys of Morro Bay Power Plant[4]	450 ft	137.1 m	1955	United States	Morro Bay, California	Three chimneys
Heleneholmsverket [5]	427 ft	130 m	1991	Sweden	Malmö
Cheminée du Front de Seine	427 ft	130 m	1973	France	Paris
Many lower chimneys